Saturday, January 25, 2020
Jones Electrical Distribution Electric Suppliers Finance Essay
Jones Electrical Distribution Electric Suppliers Finance Essay Introduction Jones Electrical Distribution is an Electrical company which has predicted that sales for the company will increase. However, over the years the company has experienced some difficulties in its cash flow and decided that in order to keep the company in operation, it was evident that additional financing would be needed in the form of a loan. However, the loan limit for borrowing could not have exceeded $250,000.00. This amount was the maximum limit their local bank, Metropolitan would offer to any company. It must be pointed out that from the inception of Jones Electrical, Metropolitan Bank was the only financial provider used by the company. In light of the foregoing, Jones had to seek alternative financial assistance from another bank Southern Bank and Trust. The credit line offered Jones Electrical a loan would be in the amount of $350,000.00, $100,000.00 more than what Metropolitan would have offered. Jones Electrical needed to decide which loan will be more beneficial, less ris ky and the least expensive for the company. They needed to consider the proposition of receiving the loan from Southern Bank Trust as opposed to remaining with Metropolitan Bank. Another issue arising from the case is the way in which Jones Electrical did its operations. He had over 100 suppliers from which he credited inventory, and he paid his accounts within the 10-day period in order to benefit from a 2% trade discount. The industry being large, fragmented and highly competitive, Jones Electrical had to decide whether they needed to restructure their companys operation and expand same and also what financial decision that had to be made for the continued operations of the Company. Jones Electrical would have much limitations with respect to borrowing from Southern Bank and Trust such as; additional investments in fixed assets could only be made with prior approval of the bank, consumption of the credit line would have a limit of $350,000 of Accounts Receivable and 50% of Invento ry and also, there will be limitations on withdrawals of funds from the business by Jones. Should Jones accept the loan from Southern Bank and Trust, his relationship with Metropolitan Bank will have to be will no longer. (Piper and DeVolder, n.d). A number of factors would be discussed later on in this case which include the financial projections of Jones Electrical. In addition, Jones financial statements will be analyzed and we will also look at the sustainability growth for this small company. The cash flow of Jones Electrical will also be addressed in this case. Problems faced by Jones Electrical Distribution Jones Electrical needs to decide whether or not it will accept the offer of the loan from Southern Bank and Trust or from the Metropolitan Bank. The company needs to maintain its sales, needs to expand, satisfy its liabilities but would need funding in order to do so. Some main problems identified in the case: Jones bought Dave Verdent, his former business partner out for $250,000. 00. His repayment plan was a $2000.00 per month with 8% interest per annum. The interest rate he is paying is relatively high and this means it will take Jones over ten years to repay this loan with an interest payment in excess of $200,000.00 in interest only. Therefore Jones will have to pay approximately $458,400.42 in interest and principal. This occurred because of a fallout Jones had with his partner Dave Verdent over the aggressive growth of the business, which has put the company in financial debt because Jones has to repay Verdent in full for buying out the company. From the financial information provided in the Balance Sheet of Jones Electrical Distribution it shows that there was an increase in accounts receivables, inventory, property and equipment. This increase would permit an increase also in liabilities and equity to be able to finance the aforementioned assets. On the other hand, the balance sheet also shows in increase in accounts payable, line of credit payable and accrued expenses. The above increases would therefore warrant financial assistance from the Bank for the expansion of the business. Another issue is that Jones Electrical had to resort to approaching the bank to receive a loan for his company in order that his business would grow profitably, to develop with respect to opening other locations and to survive on a highly competitive market. Jones needed to make a decision whether he should receive a loan from Metropolitan Bank or from Southern Bank and Trust. If Jones decide to go with Southern Bank and Trust, there will be implications which were mentioned earlier (additional investments in fixed assets could only be made with prior approval of the bank, consumption of the credit line would have a limit of $350,000 of Accounts Receivable and 50% of Inventory and also, there will be limitations on withdrawals of funds from the business by Jones. Should Jones accept the loan from Southern Bank and Trust, his relationship with Metropolitan Bank will no longer be. He needed to weigh his options between the two banks. Competition in the market: Jones Electrical was faced with a lot of competition from national distributors, home centers and other small supply house. The industry was a very large and fragmented one, and despite the competition, Jones Electrical was able to increase its sales; however, Jones was still in a position where he needed to inject some cash into the business. Solutions or Recommendations Jones should accept the loan from Southern Bank and Trust, since he will be receiving more funding. The funding from Southern Bank and Trust was more that what the company would have received from Metropolitan Bank. Although, the requirements of Southern Bank and Trust Bank seem to be rigid, the more monies that he receives can however be used in the firms expansion as well as paying off some of the companys liabilities. As a result, Jones will be allowed more flexibility in the operations of the business. He will then be able to increase his assets in the form of inventory and capital, which in turn will result in his business being in a better position to finance its operations. In addition, Jones Electrical will be able to benefit from the trade discounts which are offered by his suppliers because this arrangement would allow him to pay his creditors. With respect to the early payment discount of only 2%, it is advisable that the Company, continue to credit its supplies and make alternative arrangements with respect of repayment to its suppliers. The company needs cash and the discount of the 2% does not put the company in a better financial position. It is always important to inject equity so that your company will be able to increase its assets, which will eventually lead to an increase in sales and revenue. Another issue is that with respect to the proposed growth of the company, Jones had predicted forecasting in sales to increase significantly therefore the urgent need for a very large cash flow into the company would help significantly. Evaluate solutions Pros Cons Should Jones Electrical decide to accept the loan from Southern Bank and Trust, it will receive funds to be able manage and expand its operations and pay off his debt. A loan is a liability and this will mean the firm will have another expense to pay at the end of every month. Benefits from trade discounts offered by his suppliers. He can use this opportunity to get discounts from his suppliers. Trade discounts can have a negative impact in that if Jones does not stay within the time frame in paying for his goods. With the increase in bank borrowing, this can contribute to a number of aspects. One main aspect is the increase in sales, which in turn will result in increase revenue. Increase in bank borrowing can result in a decrease in cash flow. As stated earlier, Southern Bank and Trust has limitations in borrowing money from them. Conclusion With respect to the various financial data presented in this case, Jones Electrical forecasts predicted that its sales would increase with favorable prospects and at the same time the company was in dire need of a significant cash inflow. It is however advisable that Jones Electrical accepts the offer made by Southern Bank and Trust despite the specific restrictions that would be placed on the Company. This offer would provide for long term financing of the company and as a result the limitations with respect to borrowing would eventually be removed, thus enabling the Company to utilize the credit line specifically if it foresees forecast would be favorable. The credit line offered by Southern Bank and Trust would be significantly more than what Metropolitan would ever offer. Eventually, this budding financial relationship between Jones Electrical and Southern Bank and Trust would enable Jones Electrical to even borrow much more than what they would have been offered initially. Jones now will be able to be more flexible with its business decisions with respect to expansion.
Friday, January 17, 2020
Computer Architecture Essay
1. Describe Von Neumann architecture and explain why it is important. The Von Neumann architecture explains the architecture of an electronic computer. It is attributed to be root of every electronic computer that has ever been made. According to Von Neumann architecture an electronic computer has Control Unit, Arithmetic Logic Unit, Memory & Input / Output Devices. The following diagram shows this architecture:- Memory: ââ¬â Memory holds both data and the instructions. Control Unit: ââ¬â The Control Unit manages the movement of data and instructions in and out of the memory and also deals with sequential carrying out of the programs. Arithmetic Logic Unit: ââ¬â Carries out all the calculations on the data. Apart from operations like addition, subtraction etc, ââ¬Ëgreater thanââ¬â¢, ââ¬Ëless thanââ¬â¢ etc would also be provided. Input / Output: ââ¬â Input/output devices to feed into the data and take out the data. This component served interaction with the human who was operating the device The most basic principle of development of Von Neumann architecture was that it not just stored the data and the computation that was involved; it also stored the set of orders and instructions that had resulted in the computation. The entire set of instructions were stored in what is called as ââ¬Ëregistersââ¬â¢ and the control unit used to process this in a sequential manner ââ¬â which means one at a time. In this architecture the instructions were encoded into numeric form and the data as well as the instructions were then stored in the memory. The Von Neumann Architecture is important because it led to the development of the earliest computers. Even the computers we see today, that are fifth generation and have a drastically different architecture, draw their parallels from Von Neumann Architecture. Obviously there has been lot of improvements. However, the base of having memory, control unit, input / output devices still remains integral to all the machines. Von Neumann architecture can hence be easily regarded as mother of all computer architectural designs. 2. Explain what a system bus is and why it is needed. The system bus is the pathway over which the data travels between the CPU and the rest of the components on the motherboard. The system bus speed is defined as the capacity to move the data through the system, as it is the speed that connects the different parts of the system. The front-side bus (FSB) is that part of the bus which is responsible to carry the data between RAM and the CPU. FSB is the part that usually has the greatest effect on the performance of the system. A system with high-performance processors and components would need to have a fast front-side bus. Bus speed is quite important and can have a significant impact in the performance of the machine. The data in a system is stored, manipulated and processed in the system memory. The system needs to move this information in and out of memory, and at the same time, a track of which data is stored at which location need. This entire info travels using the system bus. If the bus speed is low, there will be a very low transmission data speed, leading to the computer working very slowly. We know that in all the modern systems that we use, the processor is running at a speed that is much faster than the memory bus. If we compute the ratio of processer speed to bus speed (something called as bus multiplier), we will find that the lower the multiplier the better it is. If the multiplier is large, it would mean that the bus speed is slow as compare to the processor speed, in which case the processor will remain idle. On the other hand, if the bus speed is higher, then more data can be fed to the processor resulting in lower latency (time to start a request). 3. Summarize the use of Boolean operators in computer-based calculations. Boolean Operators are the most popular operators used for computer based calculations. Boolean operators are simple words (AND, OR, NOT or AND NOT) which are used to carry out these calculations. Together, these keywords help in finding, joining or excluding a particular keyword in a search and hence arrive at results efficiently. These operators and their use can greatly help in saving time by doing searches for getting to ââ¬Ëon-targetââ¬â¢ results ââ¬â which are more relevant and accurate to the questions/needs that are posed. Every different search engine makes use of Boolean operators in varying fashion. While doing Boolean based calculations, a lot of proximity operators can be used to combine strings which can then help with the search. A brief overview of various operators is given below:- AND This Boolean operate requires both the terms to be in each item returned. For example, if only one of the term is contained in the document and the other is absent, the item is excluded OR This Boolean operator would return either term (or even both the terms) NOT While using this Boolean operator, the first term is searched, and then any records containing the term after the operators are subtracted from the results. Using Parentheses to include different strings will help in giving more customized and accurate results for the operation. 4. Categorize the various types of memory and storage. Computers need to have a storage space and memory units to store information and to run programs. There are various types of memory and storage, with various specifications and different purposes. These different types of memory and storage are:- Random Access Memory (RAM) RAM stores the data on a temporary basis, and as such it can be quickly/promptly accessed by the processor. This information, which includes both the application data and the data related to operating system, is loaded from the hard disk of the computer. The catch however is that as soon as the system is switched off, all the stored information is lost. Read Only Memory (ROM) Unlike RAM, ROM is active, even if the system is turned off ââ¬â thus making it somewhat a permanent non-volatile storage memory. The contents of ROM cannot be modified. ROM has all the data which should be present so that the computer can carry out the normal functions.. Cache Cache is a more responsive memory than RAM. The CPU, in case of Cache, for finding the required information the CPU first searches the cache memory before searching the central memory storage area Computer Hard Drive This has a set of devices that are integral components of data storage components in the CPU. This particular memory has different ranges and a particular user may chose the size of the memory. The hard disks can store a very large amount of information, including photos, videos, music, documents, programs and more and this memory remains even after your computer is turned off. External hard disks An external hard disk is a great way to store more digital photos, videos, music, and other large files. It can add huge volume to the storage space on your computerââ¬â¢s internal hard disk. Flash Memory Unlike the other storage and memory options, this is a portable storage and felicitates a convenient data transfer between two computers. Easy deletion and re-programming of data is possible as per the userââ¬â¢s requirements. References Backus, J. 1978. Can programming be liberated from the von Neumann style? A functional style and its algebra of programs. Communications of the ACM 21, 8, (August), 613-641. Myers, G. J. 1982. Advances in Computer Architecture. John Wiley & Sons, New York. von Neumann, John (1945), First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC, retrieved August 24, 2011 Linda Null; Julia Lobur (2010). The essentials of computer organization and architecture (3rd ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning. pp. 36,199ââ¬â203. ISBN 978-1-4496-0006-8.
Thursday, January 9, 2020
The Effects Of Globalization On Contemporary And...
Globalization is the interaction among people, companies and governments of different nations. It is a process that is driven by international trade and investment but, is also supported by information technology (What is Globalization?). Large corporations have taken advantage of foreign markets by building factories in less developed countries and through using established marketing arrangements with foreign partners. A defining feature of globalization, therefore, is an international, industrial and financial business structure (What is Globalization?). In this essay, I am going to consider the effects of globalization on contemporary, developing and indigenous cultures. This will include looking at both the negative effects as well as the benefits of globalization on the world as a whole. Globalization is profoundly controversial. Some people argue that this international change allows poor countries and their citizens to develop economically and raise their standards of living. Others claim that the creation of an international free market has only benefited multinational corporations in the Western world at the expense of local enterprise and cultures and by the exploitation of less developed countries (What is Globalization?). Firstly, Globalization has had a large effect on contemporary culture. For example, technological development is as a big part of globalization and has transformed many cultures from subsidence farming to commercial farming, raising cash fromShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of Capital, inequality and injustice in Latin America, by Richard L. Harris817 Words à |à 4 Pagesconcern to the extent of unlawful treatment such as conquering of land from indigenous people in most if not all third world countries. We have learned that most problems in the world are blamed on one word, globalization, but it takes several words to fix the ongoing problem of globalization and its affects. 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More specifically within Australia racism has been the burden of the Indigenous people of Australia, since the countries discovered by the British. Indigenous Australians have been subject to policies and laws sort to convert them to integrate into the newly pronounced white country (FinlaysonRead MoreGlobalization and Its Affect on Racism1528 Words à |à 7 PagesGlobalization and its Effect on Racism Racism, in the Oxford English Dictionary, is defined as Prejudice, discrimination, or antagonism directed against someone of a different race based on the belief that oneââ¬â¢s own race is superior, and, The belief that all members of each race possess characteristics, abilities, or qualities specific to that race, especially so as to distinguish it as inferior or superior to another race or races. The essence of both definitions seems to be that specific
Wednesday, January 1, 2020
The War I And World War II - 1195 Words
One of the earliest recorded feats of corruption in history was carried out by Roman Emperor Nero, whose rule is often associated with corruption and arrogance, as many historians have found evidence that Nero built theaters in his own honor and even assassinated many people, including his mother and step-brother. In the post- World War I and World War II era, Joseph Stalin of Soviet Russia led a dictatorship that would last 24 years, ending in his own death. Although the country as a whole benefited from his reign, Stalin ruled with an iron fist, using facilitated propaganda and often ordering the executions of any political rivals. In 1945, author George Orwell created a book that used satire to mock Stalinââ¬â¢s rule by creating a character that resembled him called Napoleon. In order to stay in power, however, Napoleon needed to use Stalinist methods to assert control. Much like Joseph Stalin, Napoleon use propaganda and fear to dominate the political component of Animal Farm. As a method of maintaining control over Animal Farm, Napoleon often used propaganda to promote his point of view to the other animals. Twice in the novelââ¬â¢s plot line, Napoleon is seen indirectly using the animals to gain more of a food ration. Squealer, who is illustrated as Napoleonââ¬â¢s right-hand man in the novel, is often used to persuade the animals by his ââ¬Ëeloquent speeches.ââ¬â¢ An instance of this occurs when Napoleon sends Squealer to try to persuade the animals to give the pigs the milk andShow MoreRelatedWar I And World War II919 Words à |à 4 Pageshistorians debate rather World War I and World War II were two different parts to the same war or if they are separate and distinct wars. Even though World War I and World War II were very different wars, and there were many years in between the two, the outcomes of World War I caused for World War II to happen because of unresolved issues. World War II is a continuation of World War I. World War I lasted four years and was the first total war in history. Before World War I Europe was doing well theyRead MoreThe War I And World War II1660 Words à |à 7 Pagesin thehistory of the world were World War I and World War II. World War I occurred from 1914 to 1918. World War I was caused by militarism, alliances, nationalism, imperialism and assassination (MANIA). The first four causations were more of a build-up to it. Then, once the Arch-Duke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated, the buildup was sparked. This can be compared to pouring gasoline on the ground and then lighting it on fire. World War II occurred from 1939 to 1945.World War II was caused by the discontentRead MoreWar I And World War II1517 Words à |à 7 PagesThroughout history the United States has been involved in many different wars. Their involvement has brought forth many significant events and changes that have affected the American way of life. 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Much of the war was about the Germans bringing together a group of people called the Nazis. They were under the rule of Adolf Hitler. There were two groups fighting against each other: the Axis powers and the Allied powers. The Axis powers consisted of Japan, Italy, and Germany. The Allied powers were GreatRead MoreWar I And World War II1264 Words à |à 6 Pages During any war, there will alwaAys be alliances made which stick even after the war has been dissolved. Postwar foreign policy after wars such as World War I and World War II was complicated and both had their similarities and differences from each other. World War I (WWI) strengthened our international relations with many countries, It also deteriorated some relations as well and set the stage for America becoming a great power. World War II (WWII) had some of the same effects, solidating ourRead MoreWar I And World War II771 Words à |à 4 Pagessought to stay out of both World War I and World War II only to be pulled in by intense happenings that inflicted chaos on the nations people. World War II would be a time in American history that would bring many fresh war tactics and developments, that helped to pull a depraved nation from the depths of a depression as well as pled ge the freedom and prosperity of its opposing nations. Dangerous discoveries will be made in the world would be left to be governed by two world powers. Hoping to remainRead MoreWorld War I and World War II700 Words à |à 3 PagesMany people know about World War I and World War II seeing that they are a couple of the worldââ¬â¢s most famous wars. Have you ever wondered how much you really know? This paper is here to inform you of all of the propaganda used to persuade people to follow Hitler, the Nazi party, and Stalin, terms that were used during this time period, and some of the very important people involved in World War I and in World War II. In the heat of World War I there were two groups, the Allies and the Central PowersRead MoreThe War I And World War II911 Words à |à 4 Pages There are many countries in the world that have a great history. Their antiquity benefited them in one way or another. One of these nations is France, which is known to have glorious events in the past. These events have made France the way it is now. For example, World War I, and World War II. However, these events were not the only thing that had a major role in Franceââ¬â¢s history some people are involved as well, such as Napoleon Bonaparte I and Louis Napoleon III. Those two men controlled France
Tuesday, December 24, 2019
Airline Industry Problems and Suggested Solutions Essay
Airline Industry Problems and Suggested Solutions The airline industry has over the past few months gradually been going into recession. This has been due to a number of factors, all affecting the industry in a negative manner at the same time. This has resulted in low profits and poor performance. The decline in the industry sharply increased after the terrorist attacks on the United States, increasing the urgency to clearly identify the causes of the problems faced and to find any solutions available to overcome them. One of the factors contributing to the poor performance has been the global economic slowdown whose effect has not been limited to the airline industry but has extended to many other industries. The effect of thisâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦But after the demand for military pilots declined, there were cutbacks. Pilot training is now no longer subsidized, forcing pilots to pay for their training. This has a high cost of approximately $70 000. Action must be taken to solve these problems to prevent more damage to the airline industry. The first step that companies should take is to try and deal with the losses they are making by reducing their costs as much as possible. There are various methods of doing achieving this. Job cuts could be made. This would reduce the cost of wages paid by the companies. However this may be met with opposition from employees. They may take industrial action to help and show support for their fellow employees that have been made redundant. Morale may also come down, as employees no longer feel that their jobs are secure. Companies could try to cutback on the number of planes used. This would reduce the cost of fuel and maintenance. The companies could also raise money through the sale of these unused plane and other assets. But this would mean that some routes would have to be cancelled so the airline would risk losing customers who use that particular route to competitors. 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Sunday, December 15, 2019
General Knowledge in Criminal Justice Free Essays
Every country is governed by a set of laws designed to maintain order within it. There are laws that govern the political relations with its citizens while there are also laws that regulate the civil rights of its citizens. There are a set of rules that define what acts or omissions are considered felonies or offenses and prescribes punishment for violations of these rules. We will write a custom essay sample on General Knowledge in Criminal Justice or any similar topic only for you Order Now The latter is called the criminal justice system of a country. This criminal justice system is manifested by the enactment of penal laws of the state. Penal laws define what acts are considered crime and determine the proper penalty for its commission. Because of the enactment of penal laws, each state is able to enforce and maintain law and order within its jurisdiction. Society is a complex structure which does not simply function harmoniously by accident. There must be a conscious effort on the part of the state to regulate the behavior of its members. It is because of this reason that the system of punishment was institutionalized and legitimized in our society. Punishment is the action taken by the State for every violation of its laws. Punishment can be considered as a response by the society to any offense or felony committed against it. It may range from the deprivation of liberty of the convicted individual or the payment of fine for the reparation of injury caused. The deprivation of liberty can last from several days or it may extend to several years depending on the nature of the crime committed. If the crime however is heinous capital punishment may be imposed. Classical Theory There are many theories on which our criminal justice system is based. One of the foundations for imposition of the criminal justice system is the Classical Theory. It attempts to give an explanation on the root cause of crime for the purpose of controlling it or preventing it from happening. It argues that man is by nature a moral creature with a free will. This free will gives him the capacity to choose between right and wrong. When man performs an act, the assumption is that the same is a rational and conscious decision arising from a careful calculation of its possible consequences. It is to be presumed that the doer of the act has carefully weighed the consequences of his action so that he will achieve his end-goal which is to maximize pleasure and to minimize pain. Thus, when a person engages in deviant behavior and commits a crime it is to be presumed that he voluntarily and willfully committed it after a careful calculation of both the benefits and risks of its commission. Crime is therefore a product of rational and conscious choice deliberately performed by an individual and not the result of the external forces surrounding him. There are those who hold that crime is a social and natural phenomenon as contradistinguished from the Classical Theory. According to the Positivist Theory, man at times is subdued by a strange and morbid phenomenon which constrains and impels him to do wrong. Though man is by nature good, there are forces around him that makes him commit a wrongful act. Thus, contrary to the Classical School, crime is not a product of a rational and conscious decision that results from carefully weighing the advantages and disadvantages of the act rather it results from interplay of social and external forces that heavily influence the individual. It is because of this reason that the criminal justice system should not be a mere function of strict and inflexible application of the abstract principles of law. Rather, it is the task of the judge to take into consideration such other facts and circumstances that attend the commission of the crime. Retributivism Theory There are those who adhere to the Retributivism Theory. According to this theory, punishment is allowed, whether it is imprisonment or death, because the convicted prisoner deserves it. This is otherwise known as the doctrine of ââ¬Ëjust desertââ¬â¢ which is founded on the ââ¬Ëeye for an eye, tooth for a toothâ⬠philosophy. When an injury is done to another, an unfair situation is created between the offender and the victim. The imposition of punishment against the wrongdoer removes the unfair advantage and restores the balance. (Anthony Duff, Sec 5) In essence, this theory states that certain actions in the society that are injurious to other people will merit the imposition of imprisonment. When these acts are done willfully and voluntarily by any individual then it is but proper that he be punished for his acts to restore the moral balance and address the moral culpability which are essential in restoring harmony in the society. (Deligitimizing Retributionâ⬠2) UtilitarianTheory On the other hand, there are those who believe in the Utilitarian Theory. It argues that state- sanctioned punishment is justified because of its utility. Based on the principle of utility, acts are pursued depending on the desirability of its consequences. If punishment will most likely produce the greatest balance of happiness over unhappiness then the punishment is justified. But if there are other options that would produce a greater balance of happiness over unhappiness, then that option should be chosen and punishment is unjustified. Kevin Murtagh, Sec 1a) In simpler terms, the idea is if we are to weigh the positive effects of punishment as against its negative effects and the positive effects outweighs the negative ones then that punishment has to be imposed. This theory somewhat looks forward and considers the consequences of punishment to the society. Unlike the Retributivist theory which focuses on the benefits to the victim, in Utilitarian Theory the oth er members of the society is considered to benefit from the imprisonment of the convicted prisoner. Deterrence Theory. For example, capital punishment is considered beneficial for the society because it deters the commission of more crimes by other persons. Under the Deterrence Theory, the imposition of the criminal justice system sends a strong message that it is tough on crime. Once a convicted prisoner is imprisoned or sentenced to death it is as if we are saying to the rest of the society that this will happen to those who will violate our laws. It is also an open declaration that there is a war against crime and that any violation of its laws will be seriously dealt with by the state. Once society sees that the violation of a law will have serious consequences to the wrong-doers then this will have a positive effect to the society by deterring criminality. Incapacitation Theory According to Incapacitation Theory, society is also benefited from the imprisonment of the convicted prisoner because it incapacitates him from further committing crimes and reduces recidivism rate. (Lynch and Sabol) Experience shows that those who have previously committed crimes are more likely to commit another crime. There is no more effective way of incapacitating the offender except by removing them from the society. Thus, in the case of imposition of death penalty, a person who is sentenced to death can no longer commit further crimes because he is permanently incapacitated to perform the same. The society is also benefited when wrong-doers are incarcerated or sentenced to death. We also prevent the possibility of these people escaping from prison and committing further crimes. (Thoughts on the Death Penalty p 2) The purpose of this is the protection of the other members of the society. Restorative Justice Theory The Restorative Justice theory is another aspect of the Utilitarian Theory which gives emphasis on the restoration of the criminal offender as one of the purposes of criminal justice system. It seeks to promote the objective of restoring the offender to the mainstream society by making him perform community service, requiring reimbursement and other worthwhile activities while in prison. This is based on the theory that a criminal offender is a socially sick individual. The other members of the society have the moral obligation to give aid and assistance to them. How to cite General Knowledge in Criminal Justice, Papers
Saturday, December 7, 2019
Public School Systems Across The Country Are Now Requiring Students To Essay Example For Students
Public School Systems Across The Country Are Now Requiring Students To Essay wearuniforms. Can uniforms really make a difference in a childs academic performance?Wouldnt uniforms infringe the childs creativity and self expression? The clothes dontmake the child right (Hempill A15)? Wrong. School uniforms can drastically reduceschool violence and help a student to focus on school work. In 1996, President Clinton endorsed public school uniforms in his State of theUnion Address(Atkins 42). This created a rage among some education critics across thecountry. Critics complain that uniforms will lessen childrens individualism and creativity,infringing students rights and hint of racism. While proponents believe, uniforms will putthe students emphasis on schoolwork instead of dressing coolly, and they will help tolower school violence. The idea comes from a Californian elementary school in Long Beach. In 1994,Long Beach became the countrys first public school district to institute a mandatoryuniform policy(Atkins 42). The results were so promising that they lead to thePresidents endorsement. The school saw a fifty-one percent drop in physical fights, athirty-four percent drop in assaults and batteries, a fifty percent drop in weapons offenses,and a thirty-two percent drop in school suspensions(Mancini 65). All this in a time span ofonly one year. Proving that a childs clothes does make a difference in school violence. In a time when school children are getting killed for designer jackets and shoes,uniforms are exactly what our children need(Mancini 63). Critics say that school uniforminhibit self expression. If you take away a childs self expression through clothing, youforce that child to express his or herself in other ways. This might even force a child toresort to even more violent forms of expression, like through writing and art. In todays society, students are fighting each other in schools, because of otherstudents that wear rival gangs colors and clothing. I went to school in a town with apopulation of about only ten-thousand residents. In our relatively small school, classeswere disrupted several times, because one student was wearing another students rivalgangs colors causing outbursts and fights. This problem is one that occurrences daily inbig city schools, but a problem uniforms can help remedy. Uniforms eliminate gangclothing like baggy pants, belts with initials on the buckles, halter tops, or certain gangcolored clothing items. The uniforms can also help to identify outsiders within a school. Drug dealers would have wear uniforms in order to be able to roam the school yardwithout being spotted. The uniforms can also help parents save money. A parent can pay anywhere fromsixty to a hundred dollars for a pair of pants, forty to sixty dollars on a single shirt, andeighty to one hundred-fifty dollars for a pair of shoes. A student would need to have atleast five to six different outfits to wear to school. Where as a child wearing a uniformonly would need two sets of clothes for class. The uniforms may vary, but most uniformsconsist of basic colored slacks and a basic colored collared shirt. They can be purchasedfor as little as forty dollars at discount stores and the most expensive being around ahundred dollar. Besides saving parents hundreds of dollars, school uniforms also help toerase lines between the social classes. Since all students will be dressed alike, it will beimpossible to tell the difference from a students from low income family and one from ahigh income family. I went to a public school for nine years, before transferring to a private school. Atthe public school my enthusiasm was minimal at best. My parent are not rich, and I had towear clothes that were not consider cool. This automatically put me out of the coolgroup. I felt unhappy and left out. I did not go to school functions, because I felt I wasnot cool enough and would not fit in. Going to a private school and having to wearuniforms remedied that. I longer was not cool, just because I did not wear the rightclothes. Students did not judge me by my apparel, instead I was judged by my personality. .u92a7e60cd2464d3d3f4abcf6753273dc , .u92a7e60cd2464d3d3f4abcf6753273dc .postImageUrl , .u92a7e60cd2464d3d3f4abcf6753273dc .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u92a7e60cd2464d3d3f4abcf6753273dc , .u92a7e60cd2464d3d3f4abcf6753273dc:hover , .u92a7e60cd2464d3d3f4abcf6753273dc:visited , .u92a7e60cd2464d3d3f4abcf6753273dc:active { border:0!important; } .u92a7e60cd2464d3d3f4abcf6753273dc .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u92a7e60cd2464d3d3f4abcf6753273dc { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u92a7e60cd2464d3d3f4abcf6753273dc:active , .u92a7e60cd2464d3d3f4abcf6753273dc:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u92a7e60cd2464d3d3f4abcf6753273dc .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u92a7e60cd2464d3d3f4abcf6753273dc .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u92a7e60cd2464d3d3f4abcf6753273dc .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u92a7e60cd2464d3d3f4abcf6753273dc .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u92a7e60cd2464d3d3f4abcf6753273dc:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u92a7e60cd2464d3d3f4abcf6753273dc .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u92a7e60cd2464d3d3f4abcf6753273dc .u92a7e60cd2464d3d3f4abcf6753273dc-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u92a7e60cd2464d3d3f4abcf6753273dc:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Gender differences1 EssayMy grades improved and I graduated as student body president. When I talk to oldfriends from the public school, they are amazed at how much I have changed . I dontcredit all of this to uniforms, but they sure allowed a side of me to be seen that most of thestudents at the public school never bothered to look for. Can uniforms make a difference? If they save one life or allow one child to be fitin, they can. No one claims that uniforms are the fix all for the public school system, butthey are a start. Uniforms will give all students a chance to fit in regardless of their socialstanding. They will also take the students focus off of having the right clothes and put itback on having the right attitude. Works CitedAtkins, Andrea. School Dress. Better Homes and Gardens Aug. 1996. 42-43. Hemphill, Clara. Clothes Dont Make the Child. New York Times 21 Mar 1998:A14Mancini, Gail Hinchion. School Uniforms: Dressing for Success or Conformity?Education Digest Dec. 1997. 62-65.
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