Religion and morality

Introduction While discussing the question concerning the interdependence between religion and morality, some basic points on the issue must be considered. First of all, it is necessary to point out that religion and morality cannot be regarded as synonyms and therefore, should be analyzed separately.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Religion and morality specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More One is to keep in mind that morality does not depend upon religion; so, for this reason, one can conclude that rightness and wrongness are not based on religious studies. People choose their own way to act, and their decision does not depend upon the God’s will. Religion and its relation to public morality Keeping in mind a wide range of religious movements, one can probably notice that the viewpoints on religion are rather ambiguous. For instance, some representatives of a new atheism are of the opinion that rel igion poisons everything. In our days, people’s faith can be regarded not only as a basis for human morality, but also as a great evil. Thus, let’s remember â€Å"the evils perpetrated by the Spanish Inquisition and the Catholic leadership’s scandalous protection of clerical child abusers† (Gaillardetz, 2008). The case seems to prove the assumption that the modern religion is toxic to human society. On the other hand, nobody will deny the fact that religion may shape people’s attitude to public morality. Taking into account certain religious commandments, one can notice many ties between correct moral behavior and a wide range of religious principles. In other words, it is religiosity, which seems to be based on certain moral approaches, but not vice versa.Advertising Looking for critical writing on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Religious principles vs. moral approaches Still, the issue of human morality must not be regarded within religious perspectives, because it exists independently of religion. Morality is related to certain codes of conduct, which are set by societies. Furthermore, it is necessary to understand that different societies accept the term in their own way; it depends upon a person’s mentality what moral principles can be followed or neglected. There is a variety of moral approaches, and some of them take the priority over others. That is to say people have a right to choose how to live, behave, etc. and their freedom of choice does not depend upon the God’s will. There is a strong need to differentiate between morality, religion, etiquette and law. Making distinctions between the issues can give people an opportunity to interpret morality in a proper way. Generally, it should be noted that in most cases people consider religion as a basis for morality, because some of the rules of conduct required or prohibited by f aith coincide with the codes of conduct established by societies. On the other hand, â€Å"religions may prohibit or require more than is prohibited or required by guides to behavior that are explicitly labeled as moral guides, and may allow some behavior that is prohibited by morality† (Gert, 2011). Conclusion As far as morality can be regarded as rather contradictory phenomenon, one can probably agree with Darwin’s opinion that an objective standard of morality is absent (â€Å"Answering the New Atheism,† 2008).Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Religion and morality specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For this reason, it becomes evident that there is no sense to discuss human morality within religious perspectives. The only appropriate way to combine the issues is to consider religion and religious morality. In other words, one can state that while religion may sometimes be the caus e of evil, without religion there is no basis for religious morality. References Answering the New Atheism. (2008). Staycatholic.com. Retrieved from: http://www.staycatholic.com/answering_the_new_atheism.htm Gaillardetz, R. (2008). Catholicism and the New Atheism. Americamagazine.org. Retrieved from: https://www.americamagazine.org/issue/655/article/catholicism-and-new-atheism Gert, B. (2011). The Definition of Morality. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved from: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/morality-definition/ This critical writing on Religion and morality was written and submitted by user Angelina Rollins to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Application of Microeconomic Concepts in Personal Life

Application of Microeconomic Concepts in Personal Life Microeconomics involves observing the behavior of an economy to understand how to distribute resources. This study is very important in business world because it influences supply and demand of goods and services, which are used to set the cost of products and services. Both buyers and sellers use the two elements to make financial decisions. This paper will focus on how microeconomics concepts are applied in life.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Application of Microeconomic Concepts in Personal Life specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Supply and demand are perceived to be the most influential factors concerning the cost of goods and services. This means that if the demand of a given commodity is high and the supply of that commodity is not adequate to meet the market needs, then the cost of that item will rise. This can be worse if there is only one sole supplier because he/she will be overwhelmed by the increase in de mand. This may cause the supplier to bring goods of low quality in the market and the sellers will trade them off at the usual prices. This happens because the manufacturer produces the products in a hurry. A smart shopper should not be contended with what he/she finds in one shop, but should instead look for other places where the same commodity is being sold at subsidized price. Competition among sellers favors buyers because each of them tries to entice the customer by slashing their prices without reducing the quality of the merchandise on sale. In addition, one needs to be cautious when making a purchase and the shortage of supply should not be the issue. There are people who are known to judge the quality of an item by its price tag. This is wrong because sellers are out to make profits and to them the real worth of an item is not an issue. It is therefore important to evaluate an item because it helps decide whether it is worth the cost. Many are times when the price of an it em misguides someone, only to regret later when it turns out that the item is not as durable as we were made to believe. Besides, one cannot distinguish a pair of shoes that was bought at $20 from the one that cost the owner $50.This is because they serve the same purpose. The above scenario implies that when the price of items that we require the most goes up we should identify alternative items to serve the same purpose. This is because there is no point of buying an expensive item when there are other cheap items that can quench our needs. However, it depends on the financial status of an individual. Another option would be to wait until the supply goes back to normal. This is necessary especially when the items in question are not needed that much, meaning that the needs can wait.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Likewise, planning is quite beneficial to both th e sellers and buyers. To the buyer planning ahead helps to prevent purchasing items at high prices. For instance, when schools close a parent should purchase the items that his/her child requires in the following season because at that time the demand for books and other learning materials would be low. However, if the parent opts to wait until when the schools are reopening, he/she would pay more for an item that would have cost him/her less money if he/she had made the purchase earlier. Alternatively, a smart seller observes the market behavior and understands when the low and high season commences and prepares adequately. By being knowledgeable about changing market trends a seller obtains enough stock and lies in wait for the demand to shoot up and make his/her score. In microeconomics, it is the smartest people who continue to thrive even when conditions continue to deteriorate. Microeconomics can also be used when one intends to establish a business by evaluating supply and de mand. By observing the environment, it is easy to spot an opportunity that is yet to be exploited. This involves identifying the needs of the people around you to determine what items you can sell to them. Going blindly will cause a noble idea to fail. Some people want to venture into businesses that have been tried by others simply because they know one or two people who get huge returns from selling particular merchandise. Just because John got his wealth by selling bananas by the roadside does not mean that another person will equally succeed in the same venture. It is therefore important to study the market first to identify possible customers. The same goes for people who wish to borrow money from financial institutions. This is because it is not difficult to get the money, but the interests that will accumulate. In fact, most people fear to borrow money because of these interests. When one wishes to apply for a loan, he/she should first analyze how the money is going to be rep aid. This entails carrying out research on how interests have been changing in the past. This is because the changes in interests could favor borrowers and have a negative impact on lenders. This implies that if the interest rates came down while you have already obtained money from the lending party then you will pay less money than the stated amount.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Application of Microeconomic Concepts in Personal Life specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In such a case, the borrower should take advantage of the situation to repay the loan while the rates are still low. If the borrower hesitates, the rates could increase and thus, the amount to be repaid will increase. Alternatively, the borrower can apply for a loan that has a permanent interest rate because that way he/she would be cautioned from the changes in interests. However, if one needs to borrow money when the interest rates are still high i t would be advisable not to apply for a loan in such a situation. Changes in interest rates also influence investments in bonds and shares. An investor can purchase bonds when it is speculated that the interest rates will go up in the future. This is because the returns he/she will get from those bonds will be much greater than when the interest rates remained low. In the stock market, it is possible to make profits when the interests are low .In such a case, an investor purchases stocks when the prices are still low and sells them when the prices appreciate probably due to increase in interest rates. Moreover, microeconomics can be employed in business management to dictate when an individual should enter or exit a venture. This is because if a business is not bringing any profits there is no point of operating it because it will continue to draw money from the investor instead of generating income. This is very common during recession periods. An individual who is employed should use the knowledge he/she has in microeconomics to negotiate for salary increase. The decline in the value of a local currency provides an opportunity for an employee to demand for wage increment because the salary that was once enough to meet his/her needs is no longer useful. A concerned employer would understand this logic much better. If the employer refuses to listen to such arguments then the employee should look for another job that pays more while still working for the current employer. If the situation persists, the employee should identify ways of surviving the inflation. Some of the approaches include eliminating some unnecessary expenses such as luxuries. Alternatively, when inflation reduces the people who are not employed should increase the frequency of searching for employment because job opportunities increases with reduction in inflation. When inflation increases, the learners who graduate from learning institutions should look for ways of employing themselves becau se the job market will decline and employers will be firing instead of hiring employees.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For individuals who participate in international trade, learning about changes in other economies would help them up their game. This is economic bubbles that are experienced in one country are extended to other countries that interact with it. For instance, if the value of the US dollar rose against the value of Japanese yen then the people who import goods from US would incur more costs. On the other hand, exports from Japan would be cheap to the Americans. In the above stated case, it would be logical for a Japanese to invest in the US because he/she will earn returns in US dollars and he/she will get more profit when the money is converted to Japanese yen. On the contrary, it would be unwise for Americans to invest directly in Japan because their investments will not yield any profit owing to the low value of the yen against the dollar. In conclusion, individuals should dare to apply the principles of microeconomics because it is only then that they can make wise decisions. Micr oeconomics is not just learned for passing exams, but because we need its insight in our day-to-day lives. This implies that consumers, sellers, and the public should make decisions that are based on what they know. If we all applied this knowledge appropriately, no one would be penalized for failing to pay his/her debts in good time. Furthermore, knowledge in microeconomics increases our bargaining power as seen in the case of employees and their quest for getting better pay.

10 Radon Facts (Rn or Atomic Number 86)

10 Radon Facts (Rn or Atomic Number 86) Radon is a natural radioactive element with the element symbol Rn and atomic number 86. Here are 10 radon facts. Knowing them could even save your life. Fast Facts: Radon Element Name: RadonElement Symbol: RnAtomic Number: 86Element Group: Group 18 (Noble Gas)Period: Period 6Appearance: Colorless Gas Radon is a colorless, odorless, and flavorless gas at ordinary temperature and pressure. Radon is radioactive and decays into other radioactive and toxic elements. Radon occurs in nature as the decay product of uranium, radium, thorium, and other radioactive elements. There are 33 known isotopes of radon. Rn-226 is the most common of these. It is an alpha emitter with a half-life of 1601 years. None of the isotopes of radon are stable.Radon is present in the Earths crust at an abundance of  4 x10-13  milligrams per kilogram. It is always present outdoors and in drinking water from natural sources, but at a low level in open areas. Its mainly a problem in enclosed spaces, such as indoors or in a mine.The US EPA estimates the average indoor radon concentration is 1.3 picocuries per liter (pCi/L). Its estimated approximately 1 in 15 homes in the US has high radon, which is 4.0 pCi/L or higher. High radon levels been found in every state of the United States. Radon comes from the soi l, water, and water supply. Some building materials also release radon, such as concrete, granite countertops, and wall boards. Its a myth that only older homes or ones of a certain design are susceptible to high radon levels, as the concentration depends on many factors. Because it is heavy, the gas does tend to accumulate in low-lying areas. Radon test kits can detect high levels of radon, which can generally be mitigated fairly easily and inexpensively once the threat is known. Radon is the second leading cause of lung cancer overall (after smoking) and the leading cause of lung cancer in non-smokers. Some studies link radon exposure to childhood leukemia. The element emits alpha particles, which are not able to penetrate skin, but can react with cells when the element is inhaled. Because it is monatomic, radon is able to penetrate most materials and disperses readily from its source.Some studies indicate children are at higher risk from radon exposure than adults, probably because they have more rapidly dividing cells, so genetic damage is more serious. Also, children have a higher metabolic rate.The element radon has gone by other names. It was one of the first radioactive elements that was discovered. Fredrich E. Dorn described radon gas in 1900. He called it radium emanation because the gas came from the radium sample he was studying. William Ramsay and Robert Gray first isolated radon in 1908. They named the element niton. In 1923, the name changed to radon, after radium, one of its sources and the element involved in its discovery. Radon is a noble gas, which means it has a stable outer electron shell. For this reason, radon does not readily form chemical compounds. The element is considered chemical inert and monatomic. However, it has been known to react with fluorine to form a fluoride. Radon clathrates are also known. Radon is one of the densest gases and is the heaviest. Radon is 9 times heavier than air.Although gaseous radon is invisible, when the element is cooled below its freezing point (−96  °F or −71  °C), it emits bright luminescence that changes from yellow to orange-red as the temperature is lowered.There are some practical uses of radon. At one time, the gas was used for radiotherapy cancer treatment. It used to be used in spas, when people thought it might confer medical benefits. The gas is present in some natural spas, such as the hot springs around Hot Springs, Arkansas. Now, radon is mainly used as a radioactive label to study surface chemical reactions and to initiate react ions.While radon is not considered a commercial product, it may be produced by isolating gases off of a radium salt. The gas mixture can then be sparked to combine hydrogen and oxygen, removing them as water. Carbon dioxide is removed by adsorption. Then, radon may be isolated from nitrogen by freezing out the radon. Sources Haynes, William M., ed. (2011). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. 4.122. ISBN 1439855110Kusky, Timothy M. (2003). Geological Hazards: A Sourcebook. Greenwood Press. pp. 236–239. ISBN 9781573564694.

International Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 7

International Business - Essay Example In this case, entrepreneurs are able to assess and identify businesses opportunity by evaluating different cultural requirements. As such, a close scrutiny of a specific culture will reveal the types of business opportunities that are viable in that particular area. Therefore, cultural diversity has its indispensible place in the heart of businesses. Furthermore, it is noteworthy that while businesses become big until they break cultural barriers, other regions suffer cultural infringement. This implies that globalization adversely affect cultural diversity. According to Kanuka (2008, p.117), globalization has lead to the loss of individualism and identity of a given group of people. In this case, many societies have blamed globalization for encouraging the Western ideal of individualism. As such, some cultural aspects are regarded as inferior to others. In this case, globalization has promoted a homogeneous set of beliefs and values. Moreover, the dominant population or culture overwhelms others and as such, globalization. Kanuka (2008, p.124) also argues that e-learning and technologies perpetuate colonization by designing prospectus that reflects the cognitive styles of the dominant

Major Art Styles of the 18th and 19th Centuries Essay

Major Art Styles of the 18th and 19th Centuries - Essay Example "Cupid a Captive', as with most Rococo paintings, appeals to our sense of escapism with the offer of a playful romp with delicate indulgence. In the late 18th century artists began to remove the fanciful trappings of Rococo and saw a return to a more formal style of painting referred to as Neoclassicism. In Jacques-Louis David's "Oath of the Horatii", we are presented with a more hardened subject with brighter colors and more contrast. Neoclassicism is typified by straight lines, confidence in the mechanical structure, and a willingness to elevate its subjects to the standards of high ideals. David's painting depicts classic subjects in conflict, yet posed in its portrayal of balance and symmetry that is indicative of the Neoclassic period. Art from this period is often a reflection of allegiance to authority as mirrored from the society that produced it. The early 19th century was highlighted by the Romantic style of art. It embraced the notion of a relaxed state guided by feelings of romance and love. The "Entombment of Atala" painted by Girodet-Trioson, shows the more personal viewpoint of emotions as it appeals to our sense of love and tragedy. The romantic treatment given this painting shows in the artists use of natural lighting on subjects that are struggling against their own helplessness.

Jones Electrical Distribution Electric Suppliers Finance Essay

Jones Electrical Distribution Electric Suppliers Finance Essay Introduction Jones Electrical Distribution is an Electrical company which has predicted that sales for the company will increase. However, over the years the company has experienced some difficulties in its cash flow and decided that in order to keep the company in operation, it was evident that additional financing would be needed in the form of a loan. However, the loan limit for borrowing could not have exceeded $250,000.00. This amount was the maximum limit their local bank, Metropolitan would offer to any company. It must be pointed out that from the inception of Jones Electrical, Metropolitan Bank was the only financial provider used by the company. In light of the foregoing, Jones had to seek alternative financial assistance from another bank Southern Bank and Trust. The credit line offered Jones Electrical a loan would be in the amount of $350,000.00, $100,000.00 more than what Metropolitan would have offered. Jones Electrical needed to decide which loan will be more beneficial, less ris ky and the least expensive for the company. They needed to consider the proposition of receiving the loan from Southern Bank Trust as opposed to remaining with Metropolitan Bank. Another issue arising from the case is the way in which Jones Electrical did its operations. He had over 100 suppliers from which he credited inventory, and he paid his accounts within the 10-day period in order to benefit from a 2% trade discount. The industry being large, fragmented and highly competitive, Jones Electrical had to decide whether they needed to restructure their companys operation and expand same and also what financial decision that had to be made for the continued operations of the Company. Jones Electrical would have much limitations with respect to borrowing from Southern Bank and Trust such as; additional investments in fixed assets could only be made with prior approval of the bank, consumption of the credit line would have a limit of $350,000 of Accounts Receivable and 50% of Invento ry and also, there will be limitations on withdrawals of funds from the business by Jones. Should Jones accept the loan from Southern Bank and Trust, his relationship with Metropolitan Bank will have to be will no longer. (Piper and DeVolder, n.d). A number of factors would be discussed later on in this case which include the financial projections of Jones Electrical. In addition, Jones financial statements will be analyzed and we will also look at the sustainability growth for this small company. The cash flow of Jones Electrical will also be addressed in this case. Problems faced by Jones Electrical Distribution Jones Electrical needs to decide whether or not it will accept the offer of the loan from Southern Bank and Trust or from the Metropolitan Bank. The company needs to maintain its sales, needs to expand, satisfy its liabilities but would need funding in order to do so. Some main problems identified in the case: Jones bought Dave Verdent, his former business partner out for $250,000. 00. His repayment plan was a $2000.00 per month with 8% interest per annum. The interest rate he is paying is relatively high and this means it will take Jones over ten years to repay this loan with an interest payment in excess of $200,000.00 in interest only. Therefore Jones will have to pay approximately $458,400.42 in interest and principal. This occurred because of a fallout Jones had with his partner Dave Verdent over the aggressive growth of the business, which has put the company in financial debt because Jones has to repay Verdent in full for buying out the company. From the financial information provided in the Balance Sheet of Jones Electrical Distribution it shows that there was an increase in accounts receivables, inventory, property and equipment. This increase would permit an increase also in liabilities and equity to be able to finance the aforementioned assets. On the other hand, the balance sheet also shows in increase in accounts payable, line of credit payable and accrued expenses. The above increases would therefore warrant financial assistance from the Bank for the expansion of the business. Another issue is that Jones Electrical had to resort to approaching the bank to receive a loan for his company in order that his business would grow profitably, to develop with respect to opening other locations and to survive on a highly competitive market. Jones needed to make a decision whether he should receive a loan from Metropolitan Bank or from Southern Bank and Trust. If Jones decide to go with Southern Bank and Trust, there will be implications which were mentioned earlier (additional investments in fixed assets could only be made with prior approval of the bank, consumption of the credit line would have a limit of $350,000 of Accounts Receivable and 50% of Inventory and also, there will be limitations on withdrawals of funds from the business by Jones. Should Jones accept the loan from Southern Bank and Trust, his relationship with Metropolitan Bank will no longer be. He needed to weigh his options between the two banks. Competition in the market: Jones Electrical was faced with a lot of competition from national distributors, home centers and other small supply house. The industry was a very large and fragmented one, and despite the competition, Jones Electrical was able to increase its sales; however, Jones was still in a position where he needed to inject some cash into the business. Solutions or Recommendations Jones should accept the loan from Southern Bank and Trust, since he will be receiving more funding. The funding from Southern Bank and Trust was more that what the company would have received from Metropolitan Bank. Although, the requirements of Southern Bank and Trust Bank seem to be rigid, the more monies that he receives can however be used in the firms expansion as well as paying off some of the companys liabilities. As a result, Jones will be allowed more flexibility in the operations of the business. He will then be able to increase his assets in the form of inventory and capital, which in turn will result in his business being in a better position to finance its operations. In addition, Jones Electrical will be able to benefit from the trade discounts which are offered by his suppliers because this arrangement would allow him to pay his creditors. With respect to the early payment discount of only 2%, it is advisable that the Company, continue to credit its supplies and make alternative arrangements with respect of repayment to its suppliers. The company needs cash and the discount of the 2% does not put the company in a better financial position. It is always important to inject equity so that your company will be able to increase its assets, which will eventually lead to an increase in sales and revenue. Another issue is that with respect to the proposed growth of the company, Jones had predicted forecasting in sales to increase significantly therefore the urgent need for a very large cash flow into the company would help significantly. Evaluate solutions Pros Cons Should Jones Electrical decide to accept the loan from Southern Bank and Trust, it will receive funds to be able manage and expand its operations and pay off his debt. A loan is a liability and this will mean the firm will have another expense to pay at the end of every month. Benefits from trade discounts offered by his suppliers. He can use this opportunity to get discounts from his suppliers. Trade discounts can have a negative impact in that if Jones does not stay within the time frame in paying for his goods. With the increase in bank borrowing, this can contribute to a number of aspects. One main aspect is the increase in sales, which in turn will result in increase revenue. Increase in bank borrowing can result in a decrease in cash flow. As stated earlier, Southern Bank and Trust has limitations in borrowing money from them. Conclusion With respect to the various financial data presented in this case, Jones Electrical forecasts predicted that its sales would increase with favorable prospects and at the same time the company was in dire need of a significant cash inflow. It is however advisable that Jones Electrical accepts the offer made by Southern Bank and Trust despite the specific restrictions that would be placed on the Company. This offer would provide for long term financing of the company and as a result the limitations with respect to borrowing would eventually be removed, thus enabling the Company to utilize the credit line specifically if it foresees forecast would be favorable. The credit line offered by Southern Bank and Trust would be significantly more than what Metropolitan would ever offer. Eventually, this budding financial relationship between Jones Electrical and Southern Bank and Trust would enable Jones Electrical to even borrow much more than what they would have been offered initially. Jones now will be able to be more flexible with its business decisions with respect to expansion.

Computer Architecture Essay

1. Describe Von Neumann architecture and explain why it is important. The Von Neumann architecture explains the architecture of an electronic computer. It is attributed to be root of every electronic computer that has ever been made. According to Von Neumann architecture an electronic computer has Control Unit, Arithmetic Logic Unit, Memory & Input / Output Devices. The following diagram shows this architecture:- Memory: – Memory holds both data and the instructions. Control Unit: – The Control Unit manages the movement of data and instructions in and out of the memory and also deals with sequential carrying out of the programs. Arithmetic Logic Unit: – Carries out all the calculations on the data. Apart from operations like addition, subtraction etc, ‘greater than’, ‘less than’ etc would also be provided. Input / Output: – Input/output devices to feed into the data and take out the data. This component served interaction with the human who was operating the device The most basic principle of development of Von Neumann architecture was that it not just stored the data and the computation that was involved; it also stored the set of orders and instructions that had resulted in the computation. The entire set of instructions were stored in what is called as ‘registers’ and the control unit used to process this in a sequential manner – which means one at a time. In this architecture the instructions were encoded into numeric form and the data as well as the instructions were then stored in the memory. The Von Neumann Architecture is important because it led to the development of the earliest computers. Even the computers we see today, that are fifth generation and have a drastically different architecture, draw their parallels from Von Neumann Architecture. Obviously there has been lot of improvements. However, the base of having memory, control unit, input / output devices still remains integral to all the machines. Von Neumann architecture can hence be easily regarded as mother of all computer architectural designs. 2. Explain what a system bus is and why it is needed. The system bus is the pathway over which the data travels between the CPU and the rest of the components on the motherboard. The system bus speed is defined as the capacity to move the data through the system, as it is the speed that connects the different parts of the system. The front-side bus (FSB) is that part of the bus which is responsible to carry the data between RAM and the CPU. FSB is the part that usually has the greatest effect on the performance of the system. A system with high-performance processors and components would need to have a fast front-side bus. Bus speed is quite important and can have a significant impact in the performance of the machine. The data in a system is stored, manipulated and processed in the system memory. The system needs to move this information in and out of memory, and at the same time, a track of which data is stored at which location need. This entire info travels using the system bus. If the bus speed is low, there will be a very low transmission data speed, leading to the computer working very slowly. We know that in all the modern systems that we use, the processor is running at a speed that is much faster than the memory bus. If we compute the ratio of processer speed to bus speed (something called as bus multiplier), we will find that the lower the multiplier the better it is. If the multiplier is large, it would mean that the bus speed is slow as compare to the processor speed, in which case the processor will remain idle. On the other hand, if the bus speed is higher, then more data can be fed to the processor resulting in lower latency (time to start a request). 3. Summarize the use of Boolean operators in computer-based calculations. Boolean Operators are the most popular operators used for computer based calculations. Boolean operators are simple words (AND, OR, NOT or AND NOT) which are used to carry out these calculations. Together, these keywords help in finding, joining or excluding a particular keyword in a search and hence arrive at results efficiently. These operators and their use can greatly help in saving time by doing searches for getting to ‘on-target’ results – which are more relevant and accurate to the questions/needs that are posed. Every different search engine makes use of Boolean operators in varying fashion. While doing Boolean based calculations, a lot of proximity operators can be used to combine strings which can then help with the search. A brief overview of various operators is given below:- AND This Boolean operate requires both the terms to be in each item returned. For example, if only one of the term is contained in the document and the other is absent, the item is excluded OR This Boolean operator would return either term (or even both the terms) NOT While using this Boolean operator, the first term is searched, and then any records containing the term after the operators are subtracted from the results. Using Parentheses to include different strings will help in giving more customized and accurate results for the operation. 4. Categorize the various types of memory and storage. Computers need to have a storage space and memory units to store information and to run programs. There are various types of memory and storage, with various specifications and different purposes. These different types of memory and storage are:- Random Access Memory (RAM) RAM stores the data on a temporary basis, and as such it can be quickly/promptly accessed by the processor. This information, which includes both the application data and the data related to operating system, is loaded from the hard disk of the computer. The catch however is that as soon as the system is switched off, all the stored information is lost. Read Only Memory (ROM) Unlike RAM, ROM is active, even if the system is turned off – thus making it somewhat a permanent non-volatile storage memory. The contents of ROM cannot be modified. ROM has all the data which should be present so that the computer can carry out the normal functions.. Cache Cache is a more responsive memory than RAM. The CPU, in case of Cache, for finding the required information the CPU first searches the cache memory before searching the central memory storage area Computer Hard Drive This has a set of devices that are integral components of data storage components in the CPU. This particular memory has different ranges and a particular user may chose the size of the memory. The hard disks can store a very large amount of information, including photos, videos, music, documents, programs and more and this memory remains even after your computer is turned off. External hard disks An external hard disk is a great way to store more digital photos, videos, music, and other large files. It can add huge volume to the storage space on your computer’s internal hard disk. Flash Memory Unlike the other storage and memory options, this is a portable storage and felicitates a convenient data transfer between two computers. Easy deletion and re-programming of data is possible as per the user’s requirements. References Backus, J. 1978. Can programming be liberated from the von Neumann style? A functional style and its algebra of programs. Communications of the ACM 21, 8, (August), 613-641. Myers, G. J. 1982. Advances in Computer Architecture. John Wiley & Sons, New York. von Neumann, John (1945), First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC, retrieved August 24, 2011 Linda Null; Julia Lobur (2010). The essentials of computer organization and architecture (3rd ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning. pp. 36,199–203. ISBN 978-1-4496-0006-8.